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Monday, September 8, 2014

Saxon Napoleonic Line Infantry

During the Seven Year's War, the electorate of Saxony was invaded by Prussia , with Frederick II taking Dresden. Heavy financial contributions were levied on the populace, and the Saxon army was trapped in the camp at Pirna. The troops were taken prisoner, with many of the soldiers being incorporated into the Prussian army. Saxon territory was devastated during the 7 years war, and by a famine following the war. In 1806, the Prussian army again invaded Saxony as a prelude to its declaration of war with France. Some say the Saxon Army was dragooned into fighting with the Prussians, and others say it voluntarily joined them. With the defeat of the Prussian Army and its Saxon  "allies", Elector Frederick August III of Saxony joined the Confederation of the Rhine, and was elevated to King of Saxony, with the title Friedrich August I.

Like most German states of the time, Saxon Territories were somewhat disjointed, but totaled 1,994 square leagues, including the great cities of Dresden and Leipzig. As a league was about 3 miles, that translates to an area of roughly 18,000 square miles. For comparison, this corresponds to roughly the same area as the US states of Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island combined (i.e., Southern New England). The Population of Saxony was 1,680,908 in 1750, dropping to 1,6333,000 following the 7 Year's War, and losing another 65,844 in the famine that followed. By 1785 then population was up to 1,941,806, and grew further to approximately 2,300,000 by 1808.

Elector Frederick Augustus II of Saxony (r. 1734 - 1763) also became King of Poland in 1750. Saxon rule didn't benefit Poland particularly, and after his death in 1763, the Polish crown (an elected position ) passed to Stanislaw August Poniatowski. Internal and external intrigues lead to the First Partition of Poland in 1772 between Prussia, Russia, and Austria, to be followed by a Second Partition in 1793, and a Third Partition took place following the defeat of Kosciuszko's rebellion in 1794. Poland and Saxony would become re-associated following the creation of the Grand Duchy of Warsaw by the Treaty of Tilsit in 1807.

The reputation of the Saxon infantry was mixed. I suspect that may be at least as much due to political issues as anything else. In 1806, despite being at least partially press-ganged, the Saxons performed no worse if not better than their Prussian counterparts. Of course, Napoleon was eager to have Saxony join the budding Confederation of the Rhine, so playing up the Saxon martial  abilities would also be shrewd politics on many levels. In any event, he was so successful in converting Saxony to the French cause that the King of Saxony was his next to last supporter (after Denmark), and suffered almost  as much as a consequence at the Congress of Vienna, losing about 40% of its territory and population (to Prussia, of course). The collapse of the Saxon infantry under Bernadotte at Wagram certainly wasn't one of the finest moments in Saxon military history, but the fact that Bernadotte had made himself thoroughly persona non grata with Napoleon, and subsequent events involving him meant that much of the abuse heaped upon him rubbed off on his Saxon troops as well.

Organization of the Saxon Line Infantry

Just as the history of Saxony extends back before 1500, the Saxon army had been in place for quite some time. The basic composition of the army at the start of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars dated back to that established in 1763. There were ten regiments of Line Infantry, plus the Leib-Grenadier-Garde. There were reorganizations in 1778, 1797, and 1810. In 1797, each Regiment had a staff of 14, comprising 1 Chef (Chief), 1 Oberst (Colonel), 1 Oberstleutnant, 2 Majors, 1 Regimental Quartermaster, 2 Adjutants, 1 Regimental Judge, 1 Regimental Field Surgeon, 1 Staff Field Surgeon, 2 Cadets (Faehnjunker), and 1 Provost. Each regiment had 2 battalions, each of 1 Grenadier and 4 Musketeer companies; in practice the Grenadier companies were commonly brigaded together into Grenadier battalions. Each company had: 1 Captain, 1 First Lt., 1 Second Lt., 1 Cadet (not in Grenadiers), 3 Sergeants, 1 Quartermaster, 1 Field Surgeon, 8 Corporals, 3 Drummers, 2 Fifers, 2 Sappers, and 150 privates.  Thus a company had 174 men total, and a full regiment had a paper strength of 1,784 men. The 1810 reorganization resulted in disbanding 4 of the Infantry regiments and redistributing the men to the remaining outfits. This resulted in an increased company strength, each having 180 privates. This brought the paper strength of a 10 company regiment with staff up to 2,043. Once again, the Grenadiers were usually brigaded together into separate 4 company battalions.

Uniforms of the Saxon line Infantry

The Saxon Infantry changed the color of their jackets from Dark Blue to White in 1765 (probably a reaction against being press-ganged to fight for Prussia during the 7 Years War!). The regimental distinctive colors appeared on the collars, cuffs, and lapels. The turnbacks were left white. Pants were white, as were belts. A small black bicorn was worn until 1810, when a French style shako was finally adopted. The bicorn had a white pom pom with the center in the facing color, and a white cockade. NCO's had gold or silver lace on the hat according to the button color of the regiment, and the hair was worn powdered and in a queue until 1808.  Grenadiers wore a black Austrian Style bearskin with a brass plate bearing the arms of Saxony; the fabric on the back was in white and the facing color. The regimental Schuetzen had green plumes on the bicorn and carried rifles. The 1810 shako had a brass plate on the front with the crowned royal Cipher, "FA", and was completed with white cords and cockade, and a white plume tipped with the regimental facing color. Grenadiers had red cords and plumes on their shakos, as well as red epaulets and sword knots.

* Knoetel says the 1810 uniform had facing colored piping on the shoulder straps and on the white turnbacks as well. 


Chronology of Saxon Infantry Regiments 1793-1815
IR #
Regiment Name
Raised
Later Names/Dates
-
Leib-Grenadier Garde
1729
N/A
1
Kurfurst
1670
Koenig  1806
Garde Regt 1815
2
aus dem Winkel
1741
von Sanger 1798
von Cerrini 1808
disbanded 1813
3
Prinz Anton
1701

4
Prinx Clemens
1704
von Steindel 1812
disbanded 1813
5
Prinz Maximillian
1701
von Oebschelwitz 1806, disbanded 1810
6
von Nostitz
1742
von Thummel 1802
von Burgsdorff 1808
disbanded 1810
7
Prinz Freidrich August
1711

8
von Low
1682
disbanded 1813
9
Prinz Xaver
1723
von Oebscelwitz 1806
Disbanded 1810
10
von der Hyde
1748
von Ryssel 1800
von Bunau 1805
von Bevilaqua 1806
von Dyherrn 1808
disbanded 1810
11
von Niesemeudchel
1673
vacant 1810-1813
12
von Lindt
1730
von Rechten 1801
Disdfamnded 1813


Saxon Line Infantry Facing colors, 1765 - 1815
Regiment
Facing Color
Buttons
1
Red
Yellow
2
Red
White
3
Dark Blue
White
4
Dark Blue
Yellow
5
Yellow
Yellow
6
Yellow
White
7
Light Green
Yellow
8
Light Green
White
9
Light Blue
Yellow
10
Light Blue
White
11
Purple-Red
White
12
Purple-Red
Yellow
Garrison
Black
White



IR Prinz Maximillian  wearing its yellow facings on the collar, cuffs and lapels. I have also painted the turnbacks in the facing color. Although completely logical, this is incorrect; they should be plain white (or perhaps white piped in the facing color - see above). Odd, but that's the way the uniform was! Note the red plume and cords for the drummer, even though he is not a member of a grenadier company. 


The standards of the Saxon units were of a unique design, the most distinctive feature being the regimental border patterns. All of their flags bore the crowned and wreathed royal cipher "FAR" on one side, and the arms of Saxony on a mantle on the reverse. This regiment's border pattern has red, yellow and green


This is IR Prinz Friedrich August on the advance. The entire style of their 1810 pattern uniforms and rank distinctions are now along French lines.


IR  Prinz Friedrich August with its light green facings (once again, the turnbacks should have been left white). Note the completely different border pattern on the standard from the earlier regiment


Lie all of my Saxons, these are 25mm Minifigs,"French" figures with just a paint conversion to make them into 1810 Saxons! They were painted well over 25 years ago.


IR Prinz Xaver with its light blue facings. Note yet another distinctly different border pattern on the standard. This regiment was actually disbanded in 1810, but I especially liked this border pattern. 


As usual for the Saxons, he drummer has shoulder "wings" in white piped with the facing color, and the drum rims are in the facing color as well. 


The Arms of Saxony are seen well here - Barry, Sable and Or, a Bend of Common Rue. Rue is a bitter  herb cultivated in the past as a condiment and medicine, now largely found only in flower gardens, having blue-green leaves and yellow flowers. 


IR Koenig in attack column, showing off its bright red/scarlet facings. 


Note yet another distinct border pattern on their flag; the unique designs really make Saxon flags stand out on the tabletop. All of the flags were hand painted, so I was very pleased with how they look.


Another view of Saxon IR Koenig.


Sources for this and forthcoming posts on the Saxons:

Poles and Saxons of the Napoleonic Wars, George Nafziger, Tom Devoe, Mariusz T. Weslowski. Emperor's Press, Chicago IL, 1981.

Napoleon's German Allies (3): Saxony 1806 - 1815., Otto von Pivka and Richard Hook. Osprey Publishing, London, 1979

L'Amrmes et les Uniformes des Soildats du Premier Empire, Volume 3, Liliane and Fred Funken

Flags and Standards of the Napoleonic Wars, Keith Over.

Hanbuch der Uniformkunde, Richard Knoetel. Leipzig, 1896.


And online:

Grosser General Staff site - nice plates on many of the German states, including the Saxons:
http://www.grosser-generalstab.de/sturm/sturm220.html

Histofig plates and text on Saxon Army:
http://empire.histofig.com/-Royaume-de-Saxe-.html

Brefreiungskreige site - awesome collection of the plates of Knoetel, Saurweid, Leinhart and Hummel, and more!
http://befreiungskriege.wordpress.com/saxon-army-resources/

Plates of the Saxon Army 1805-1806
http://www.napoleon-series.org/military/organization/c_saxon1805.html

Histunif site Saxon pages - includes detailed sketches of the Heavy cavalry lace and shabraque edging patterns, and reduced images of all of the fantastic Peter Bunde plates (used with his permission, the full, detailed plates and text are all available commercially from Peter)
http://www.histunif.com/confederation/Saxe/saxe.htm

50 comments:

  1. Fantastic background information as well as uniform particulars! Saxony is a force I have yet to field in ANY period. Considered them for 1809 Napoleonics but still only a thought...

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    1. The Saxons were the most colorful of the smaller German state armies, and the size of the army was similar to that of Bavaria. I have a softy spot for the Saxons, having had two good friends associated with the city of Dresden, one of whom I must visit there after my daughter finishes Veterinary school.

      I do prefer the 1810 uniforms (as seen above) over the earlier ones, which were looking a bit archaic by 1809!

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  2. Very nice Saxons peter!
    I don't think you can really beat the look of massed Saxons.

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    1. I agree, and that is a good reminder to me to do a "group shot" of the entire army with the final post!

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  3. Goodness, what a lot of Saxons. They still look good, Peter!

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    1. The paint jobs are very basic, but the bright colors and especially the flags makes them still look OK on the tabletop, I think.

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  4. Great info and figures Peter, lovely looking units!
    ah the memories during late 1970's early 80's when I had 25mm minfigs Napoleonic's I used have the 1812 Westphalian's and Saxon Corps with their white uniforms, cavalry were more colorful than the infantry. The Saxon Corps fought well during the 1812 Russia Campaign.

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    Replies
    1. I think all of us "of a certain age" had plenty of Minifigs in our collection back when. They still con't look bad decades later! I certainly have no plans to replace mine.

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  5. Another great post, love the Saxon army!

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    1. Thanks Phil. The Saxons are a n interesting change up from the more standard Bavarians!

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  6. Super info yet again and dare its Sexy Saxons ? :-)

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  7. Replies
    1. I am in no position to complain about the typos of others, LOL!

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  8. The MiniFigs take me back to, as you say, what we used to do 25 years ago. Thanks for that, Peter.

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    1. They are associated with many happy memories, but also still see action regularly!

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  9. Are you sure it was 25 years ago, and not 10 or 15? Your post compelled me to pull my old Minifigs out of their storage boxes, and it feels like only a couple of years ago when I completed them...

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    1. 5 years ago is when I started painting my Foundry French Napoleonic figures to replace my 1,000 + figure army of Scrubys! :"-)

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    2. err,uh, *fifteen* years ago...

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  10. Another great post - I always enjoy seeing your Minifigs forces!

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  11. Another timely update for my own 1809 project, thanks! Saxony is up following the Duchy if Warsaw. Based on what you have said here, I am figuring that 1806 Prussian Infantry and Austrian Grenadiers in Bearskin will work in 6mm?

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    1. Yes, Jake, they should work fine in 6mm for pre-1810 Saxons.

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  12. This is a necessary addition for any Napoleonic wargamer!
    Regards
    Rafa

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    1. Well, at least for us fanatical types, Rafa! :-)

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  13. I found some errors in the previous version of the chronology of the regiments, caused by differing numbering systems over the decades. and have now corrected them.

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  14. Great information Gonsalvo! My partner is a native of Saxony and keeps insisting I add them to the ranks of my Napoleonic forces :) A pretty persuasive argument, as if I needed any!

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    1. Yes, I'd agree, a persuasive if perhaps redundant argument!

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  15. Do you have any information on which regiments went to which Grenadier Bns in 1809.

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    1. I have the both Rawkins book and the Nafziger book; I'll see what i can find for you.

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    2. From Rawkins:

      NOTE: [10] Grenadier-Kompagnien Pairings 1809:
      Grenadier-Bataillon von Bose: Prinz Friedrich August & von Burgsdorff Regiment
      Grenadier-Bataillon von Hacke: Prinz Clemens & von Oebschelwitz Regiment
      Grenadier-Bataillon von Radeloff: Prinz Anton & von Niesemeuschel Regiment
      Grenadier-Bataillon von Winkelmann: von Low & von Cerrini Regiment Grenadier-Bataillon von Einsiedel: König & von Dyherrn regiment (In Warsaw)

      From the listing it is evident that no effort was made top keep the companies of the regiments with the same facing colors together when forming the Grenadier battalions. How thoughtless of them! :-)

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    3. Thanks, that sorts the Grenadiers, who are no worse than the Austrians. Do you have comparable information for the Schutzen, in particular von Egidy

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    4. Once again from Rawkins:

      UNIFORMS SCHÜTZEN-ABTEILUNG 1793-1809 Prior to the creation of the Leichte-Infanterie-Bataillonen in 1810, the Schützen-Abteilung which comprised the Schützen-Feld-Bataillonen and the Leichte-Bataillon, wore the same uniform as their parent regiment the only distinguishing feature being the green plume worn on the bicorn hat. The Schützen-Feld-Bataillonen were formed as required at the commencement of a campaign and stood down when no longer needed and the men returned to their regiments and no records have been found of the regimental component parts of the battalions although logically these would probably have been drawn from the regiments of the same division.

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  16. Thank you again. Using the last principle I'll make 4 companies one each from Prinz Friedrich August, von Burgsdorff, Prinz Clemens & von Oebschelwitz Regiments. Now I just need to work out how to put some green plumes on their hats.

    I've been thinking about the different colours and can't help thinking it might have been intentional to help keep companies distinct.

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    1. Well, they will certainly be a rainbow of colors!

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  17. My Austrian Grenadier brigade is 4 Bns:-
    Madder Red, Dk Blue, Crimson
    Sea Green, Apple Green, Madder Red
    Apple Green, Rose, Steel Green
    Light Brown, Linen Grey, Orange
    So they'll not look much different, maybe a bit more primary colours. Since the Austrians show the colours best from the rear there's scope for an imminent combat' picture later this year.

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    1. That's hit a lot of the Austrian facing colors, but by no means all! :-)

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  18. My biggest issue is gris de lin, which Ascerbi shows on the Napoleon series article as a pink tinge. My wife owns some unbleached linen and it isn't at all pink and colour web sites make linen grey nearer what she owns, but after Hechtgrau, which I'm sure Ascerbi's got right it's flip a coin time, even before I try and blend it.

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    1. Gris de Lin is actually the color of Flax *flowers*, which range anywhere from a dusty mauve to a greyisjh blue. I went with a purplish color for mine:

      https://blundersonthedanube.blogspot.com/2021/02/ir-36-kolowrat.html

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  19. That complicates things. Do you have a source for the flower attribution as opposed to the cloth. Most of the flax flower pictures I found are nearer blue than anything else, but flowers do vary. I have a lilac to do French Infantry 5th company pompoms so that blended with a light bright blue might work.

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    1. You're probably aware of these sites with Austrian facing color samples:

      http://www.deepfriedhappymice.com/html/ref_sy_aus_inf_facings_1809.html

      http://napoleonicwargamingadventures.blogspot.com/2016/07/austrian-napoleonic-infantry-facing.html

      I cant recall exactly where I read about flax flower, but it certainly fits the color swatches better than raw flax cloth (I found both definitions in a non specific search of the color)

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  20. No I hadn't come across either of these. Since I use Valejo paints the Loki one is particularly useful as it's nice to know we agree on most of the ones I've used so far. I know Perry's use Peter Bunde and he also has it as what I'd call lilac so I'll go with that. Thanks again for all the help.

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    1. You're welcome; as you can see, i went with a lilac hue myself for the Gris de Lin; if nothing else it's clearly distinct from Violet and Pompadour.

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  21. GENERAL MICHAEL WOGAN-BROWNE

    In 1812, Castle Browne and its encumbered estates passed to Thomas’s younger brother Lieut. Gen. Michael Wogan Browne of the Saxony army, sometime commander of the Guards and Governor of Dresden. Michael had served under Napoleon before Moscow (when he learned of his brothers’ suicide) and was later Aide-de-Camp to the King of Saxony. Content with his good progress in Saxony, he was unwilling to live in an Ireland without Catholic Emancipation. Indeed, he was spotted at a gathering in support of Daniel O’Connell in June 1813 in the theatre on Fishamble-street, as this account shows:

    Above: The Irish Times, 20th February 1922,
    reporting on Lieutenant Wogan Browne's murder.

    (Thanks to Kildare Library and Arts Services)

    ‘Three cheers for Daniel O'Connell!" and once more the, little theatre echoes, rocks, and reechoes with applause. Look at that fine, military-looking, man, who is so warmly greeted by O'Connell. Chi shin? "Who is he?" His breast is covered with ribbons and stars and all the insignia of foreign chivalry. That is an Irish gentleman—as the babble of the crowd informs us—who has recently come over from Germany to follow to the grave the ashes of his brother, Wogan Browne, who has just died. He is first aide-de-camp to the king of Saxony. His shining sword and brilliant talents have cut for their exiled owner a difficult and perilous way to that distinction and those honours, which the grudging intolerance of a churlish aristocracy withholds from Irishmen in their own land. The proud bearing of this military exile—his eye of fire and lofty demeanour—render more remarkable the downcast look and humble bearing of a woollen manufacturer from the Liberties, who happens to stand near him.’[iv]

    In March 1814, he sold the sold the castle, along with 219 acres, to a Fr. Peter Kenney SJ, heading a group of 14 Jesuits, for the sum of 16,000 pounds. The Jesuits restored the earlier name of the property, Clongowes Wood, and opened it as a college for the education of the sons of the Catholic nobility and gentry, in 1814. (Thomas Wogan Browne’s extensive and valuable library went under the hammer of Sheriff Thomas Finlay on October 31st 1812.)

    He died on 27 February 1824 at the house of Peter Chaigneau.[v] His wife Augusta Frances was a daughter of Col. Thomas Prescott, Guards, and a granddaughter of the 1st Viscount Falmouth. She died at Tours, France, in October 30th 1857, aged 81.[vi] Their great-grandson Lt. John Hubert Wogan-Browne was murdered in 1922. For more on the 1922 tragedy, see James Durney, The Death of Wogan Browne.
    If anyone has more information on wogan Browne please ! Morgan@berlin.com

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  22. Only slightly off topic, but what uniform did general officers wear in 1809, I need a Brigadier for those Grenadiers and Schutzen and all the images I can find are suspiciously French looking and dated 1810.

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    1. I'll have to look that up and get back to you, nut I am pretty sure red pants are part of the kit!

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  23. Please ignore my last post, I've sorted myself out.

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