First, some 14th - 17th century dates for some perspective
The Hundred Years War 1337 - 1453
Battle of Crecy 1346
Battle of Poitiers 1356
Battle of Agincourt October 25, 1415
Siege of Orleans (Joan d'Arc) 1428-1429
John Wycliffe's English translation of the Bible is published
1408 (Wycliffe himself died in 1384)
Battle of Tannenberg (Grunwald) - July 15,
1410 (Teutonic Knights vs Poland/Lithuania. The Knights are defeated and begin their decline). Jan Ziska served with the Polish forces, and is thought to have fought at this battle, but there is no hard evidence for or against such
Jan Hus travels to the Council of Constance to propose his reforms for the Church. Upon his arrival he is charged with heresy and later burned at the stake.
1415
The Hussite Rebellion 1419 - 1434 First Defenestration of Prague, July 30, 1419
Fall of Byzantium (Constantinople) to the Ottoman Turks 1453. The entire century is marked by steady expansion of the Ottomans into Europe
The Wars of the Roses 1455 - 1485
The Swiss Burgundian Wars 1474 - 1477
The Reconquista of Spain ends with the fall of Granada to Ferdinand and Isabella; Columbus sails to the Caribbean 1492
The Great Italian Wars 1494 - 1529
Martin Luther publishes his "95 Theses" and begins the Reformation
1519
Battle of Mohacs 1526 (Ottomans crush Hungarian Army, Hungary is effectively partitioned between them and the Hapsburgs)
Siege of Vienna 1529 Turkish attempt to take the city is defeated, marking the high water mark of Ottoman expansion into Europe.
Thirty Years War begins with the Second Defenestration of Prague, May
1618.
I actually finished painting the second and last group of 1st Corps (Kingmaker) figures almost a month ago, but hadn't had time to post pictures, etc until now!
2 stands of "Yellow" Flail men, and one of Handgunners.
I changed somewhat how a Wagon unit will be depicted using the To the Strongest! rules, and that necessitated adding some odds and ends to make the units all come out right.
Essentially, each "Deep" Wagon unit will have a wagon, and behind it 2 stands of Missile troops (Crossbows or Handgunners), and behind that, 2 stands of Flail or Polearm equipped melee troops. If the Wagon is NOT a Gun Wagon, then it will have a Missile firing stand of the appropriate type in the Wagon model itself. As it will take three hits to "kill" a Wagon unit (vs 1 for Light units and 2 for most ordinary units other than Pikes), these will be very resilient... but a big blow if they are lost!
Returning to the Hussite Wars themselves, 1421 also saw the Catholic Archbishop of Prague, Konrad Vechta, renounce Sigismund and accept the Four Articles of Prague; his defection brought several more of the Bohemian cities under Hussite Control (April 1421). The Hussites also began to expand into neighboring Moravia, which had long standing religious, ethnic, and cultural ties to Bohemia, and where there already some Taborite settlements.
Sigismund and the Bohemian and Moravian Hussites attempted further negotiations in May 1421, without either expecting much to come of it; indeed Sigismund was encouraging a Silesian invasion of Bohemia to "exterminate the heretics" whilst adopting a conciliatory tone in negotiations. The Hussites continued to seek a new King for Bohemia, but their embassies to Wladyslaw, King of Poland, continued to meet with prevarication.
The Silesians invaded Bohemia in June of 1421, but it was very short lived, as they found themselves strongly opposed both by Orebite forces lead by Ambrose and the forces of Cenek of Wartenburg and his vassals and friends. The Silesians requested and received from Cenek an armistice, allowing them to withdraw back to Silesia. This included a provision prohibiting both the forces of Cenek and the Orebites from pursuing them into or invading Silesia, which caused controversy and charges of treason against Cenek, which did not prevail.
I also decided the Hussites needed a few units of missile armed light infantry to defend their camp(s) and or harass the enemy.
Some skirmishing "blue" Handgunners.
They also have the virtue of being cheap compared the expensive Wagon units!
The handgunners aren't overly troubled by the armor off the Knights either - as long as they can shoot at them from a distance, that is!
In July of 1421, during this period of Ziska's incapacitation following the loss of his second eye, the Hussites suffered one of their rare defeats. A strong Hussite force, lead by the radical Hussite cleric, Zevilinsky, and including far more mercenaries than usual (which should have made the force better trained), undertook to conquer some of the remaining Royalists towns in Northern Bohemia, which were predominantly German in ethnicity. This culminated in the siege of the city of Most (Brux), whose population had requested assistance from the German, Catholic Meissen margraves. When the Hussite cannon created breaches in the city walls, the defenders asked to be able to surrender, and leave with nothing more than their lives. Although the Hussite nobles and military leaders recommended accepting these terms, Zevilinsky rejected them, stating that they would only return to fight again.
The defenders of Most actually outnumbered their Hussite besiegers, who had deployed on a hill outside the town in their usual Wagenburg. When the troops of the Meissian margraves arrived outside the city, Zevilinsky, who had no military experience, committed a grave blunder. Instead of meeting this new enemy in the Wagenburg, which would have required lifting the siege, he ordered his men to march out to meet the new arrivals in battle in the open. The enemy cavalry charged the Hussites, who lacked any cover, and routed them, inflicting heavy losses. including over 400 dead. The survivors retreated to their Wagenburg. From there they successfully repelled the attacks that followed, but their morale was shaken. When some horses spooked during the night, the defenders panicked, convinced that they were being overrun, and fled. The Meissians and city defenders captured the booty in the Wagon fort and deigned to pursue the survivors.
As well as being a serious military defeat, Zelilinsky's actions seriously undermined his religious influence. The defeat was attributed not only to his military incompetence, but also to God's displeasure with his radical theology, and his influence began to wane.A now recovered Ziska was sent to set things aright (August 1421), and the his reputation was now so formidable that the Messians promptly evacuated Bohemia rather than risk facing him in battle.
Some close order Crossbowmen.
These will probably be "Wagon Riders", so each stand uses a different base color - red, green, blue. The supporting troops will have the same primary color as well - this will make it easy to identify them, if much more uniform than they ever would have been in reality.
If I don't like the look, it is a simple matter to jumble up all the different colors between the units instead!
These men have obviously upgraded their equipment, using the spoils of earlier Hussite victories to good advantage!
Meanwhile, Sigismund and the Pope had not been idle. The papacy had become unhappy with Sigismund's perceived incompetence in suppressing the Hussite movement, and a Second Crusade was organized. The Teutonic Knight were also encouraged to engage the Poles to discourage them from intervention in support of the Bohemians, and invade Bohemia themselves as well. While this Teutonic invasion failed to materialize, the forces assembled for the Second Crusade were immense, estimated at nearly 100,00 men. Their invasion of Bohemia began on August 28th, killing all Czechs in its path save for small children. In response, a Hussite army marched North from Prague on September 13th, 1421 and the Royalist forces responded by concentrating near Zatrec, which had been under a unsuccessful siege by 6,000 Crusaders. After 6 weeks, they had failed to even breach the city's walls, and even resorted to the unusual tactic of attaching flammable materials to birds, setting them alight, and dispatching them in the direction of the city, in the hopes of setting it alight. This bizarre attempt backfired when the uncooperative avians flew the wrong direction!
Contrast those crossbowmen with these light skirmishers - looking more like the peasants that most were.
The Hussites were quite capable of executing hit and run raids when the opportunity presented itself.
Indeed, Jan Zizka's earliest combat experiences are thought to have been that of a glorified brigand.
The fine sculpting on these 28mm Kingmaker figures makes them easy to shade!
By September 30th, Sigismund had still not appeared to lead the crusade, and the various Catholic factions fell to bickering and blaming one another for their difficulties. A spirited and very successful sortie by the defenders caused nearly 2,00 crusader casualties. When the Crusaders learned, on October 2nd, that Zizka and his forces were fast approaching, complete panic broke out in their ranks and they quickly broke camp, triggering a fire (and yet another successful sortie by the town';s defenders). Sigismund ultimately wound up intervening first in Moravia, where his troops convinced the Moravians to renounce their recent acceptance of the Four Articles of Prague. Meanwhile, Cenek of Wartenburg, perhaps one of History's most infamous serial turncoats, once again renounced the Hussite cause and supported the Crusade and Sigismund.
The condotierre, Pipo Spano was the pope's appointed commander, and with Sigismund';s reluctant approval, he finally began an invasion of Eastern Bohemia in late November, 1421. This galvanized and united the ever bickering Hussite factions, and the y called for troops for all over the Kingdom, and especially requested aid from Zizka and his forces, who arrived in Prague on December 1. Sigismund's objective was Kutna Hora, a logical choice because of its large ethnic German population, its previous status as a Royalist stronghold, and the great richness of its silver mines. However, Zizka, now the de facto commander of the Hussite army, got there first, arriving on December 9th. He strengthened the cities defenses and cowed the dubiously loyal populace, while preventing his m,en from harassing the citizenry. His scouts reported the approach of Sigismund and the Crusader army on December 21st, 1421.
More Hussite Melee infantry.
This unit has an Orange theme to its costume.
Some sunshine peeking through the trees brings out the varied hues.
I counted more than 50 different colors used for all the figures shown in this post!
The Battle of Kutna Hora, December 21, 1421
Zizka and his forces marched out of the city to counter Sigismund's army, leaving behind a small garrison. The Hussites deployed on a low hill about 1 kilometer outside the city, from whence they could observe the approaches to Kutna Hora. Shortly after the men and wagons completed their preparations, the Crusader forces approached. The Hungarians spread out to the Northeast, along the road to Kolin, driving their cattle with them to make their numbers appear greater than they were. Sigismund soon followed, and set up his headquarters along the Kolin road, near Zizka's right flank. Ziska had chosen his position assuming that he had the support of the Kutna-Horans, but ethnic Germans and staunch Catholics within the city had conspired with the Holy Roman Emperor to betray the city to him. Thus some of the Crusader forces demonstrated in front of the Wagenburg, but the bulk of the troops swept around the Hussite position to the city, where their allies opened a gate for them. The Crusaders slaughtered all the Hussites within the city, and Zizka was left in a very precarious situation. His position was strong, but had only limited provisions with him, having expected to draw them from the city, and he was outnumbered 3:1 by the Royalists, their ranks swelled by the Kutna-Horan traitors. Even worse, the Crusaders were expecting further reinforcements from Hungary. Decisive action was needed!
Josef Mathauser's painting of (the now blind) Zizka leading his men at Kutna Hora.
In the middle of that night, Zizka launched a surprise attack, aimed directly at the weakest part of the ring of enemy troops surrounding him - Sigismund's headquarters! The Emperor's personal retinue had shown little appetite for combat in the past, and they did no better this night. This one time, his wagons were used offensively, issuing fire as they rolled forth, and spreading disorder and panic in the Crusader camp. The breakout was entirely successful, and a new Wagenburg was established a kilometer hence, astride the road to Kolin. Zizka there awaited a Crusader attack, but it never came, Sigismund being content to have reconquered Kutna Hora, and believing the Hussites to have been defeated. Zizka then broke camp and marched to Kolin, arriving there the same day.
Another unit of skirmishing Handgunners.
Green is the theme here, obviously!
Just the thing for lying in ambush in the woods!
Winter arrived early that year, and was harsh. The Crusader forces had no desire to spend it in the open, and due their large numbers, of necessity they dispersed into billets all around the Kutna Hora area, leaving a large Hungarian garrison in village on the road to Kolin to watch the Hussites. Sigismund seems to have assumed the Hussites would settle down for the winter as well. Instead, Zizka set to recruiting additional troops, aided by Ambrose and the rest of the Orebite priests. On January 6, 1422, Zizka's men suddenly set forth, and overwhelmed the Hungarians before they could deploy for battle. The relatively few survivors scampered back to Kutna Hora. There Sigismund held a council of war with Pipo Spano and his other commanders. They impressed upon the Emperor that their position was precarious. Although they had the advantage of numbers, their dispersal meant that it would take considerable time to assemble their forces, during which time they would be every vulnerable to attacks by the concentrated Hussites. In addition, the Kutna Hora city militia would not be able to resist the Hussites long without major support from the crusaders, and even then, there would be no guarantee they could hold the city. Never one to display personal bravery, Sigismund fled for Hungary with his personal retainers, ordering his remaining Bohemian and Moravian forces to hold Kutna Hora, or destroy it lest should it fall into Hussite hands again. However, the Bohemian and Moravian Lords were unwilling to undertake a suicide mission, also suspecting, probably correctly, that Sigismund would be happy to have them perish and thus have a few less potential heretics to worry about! The German majority citizenry of the town were equally as eager to depart the city to escape the Hussite retribution for their earlier treachery.
Jan Zizka statue in Bělkovice-Lašťany, the Czech Republic
Photo by Michal Maňas via Wikimedia Commons
Once the bulk of the Hungarian troops had departed, the remainder set fire to the city, but did a poor job of it, being distracted by plundering the homes of the departing Germans. Despite his blindness, Zizka recognized an opportunity, and sent his cavalry ahead where they were able to put out the fires and save the city. After spending the night in the city, Ziska and his men aggressively pursued the retreating Moravian and Bohemian Lords, throwing them into abject panic. It took 2 days to restore some semblance of order to the Crusader forces. This lead Sigismund to order a stand on a hill near the town of Hraby, to cover his own retreat to Hungary. Spano and his other generals advised against it, opining that the demoralized troops were in no condition to face the Hussites in battle, but eh Emperor over ruled them. On the morning of January 8th, Zizka's men charged the Royalist position, whereupon the defenders broke and ran, leaving behind all of their wagons and supplies. The continued Hussite pursuit inflicted heavy casualties on the fleeing Royalists.
Sigismund himself reached Nemecky Brod, near the Hungarian Border, at sundown that day. He detailed strong forces to hold the town, once again in large measure to cover his own retreat, which he continued without pause. When Zizka reached the town, many of the the defenders were slaughtered covering the retreat of their fellows. The bridges leading out of the town being overcrowded, many tried to ride across the ice of the Savara river. but the weight of their horses and armor caused the ice to break and many were drowned, crushed or frozen to death; almost 550 fully armored bodies were later recovered from its waters - shades of the later stages of the Battle of Austerlitz, fought on Bohemian soil almost 400 years later. Zizka, who never in his career pursued an enemy past Bohemia's borders, again declined to do so. His men were exhausted, and he had accomplished his objective, utterly crushing the Second Crusade. For years thereafter, Sigismund would not even approach the Bohemian border personally!
A pair of Hussite officers.
These figures were particularly welcome, as the Old Glory Hussite sets curiously contain no command figures.
"Ye who are the Warriors of God..."
Amazing digital art depiction of the nighttime break out of the Hussite wagons at Kutna Hora, by
Daren Tan.
